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• Early harvest: expensive or valuable? The arithmetic of yield

  Below 18% yield the raw material costs more than the bulk price. Early-harvest oil needs a 43% premium to break even.

  Early harvest is the most talked-about idea in olive oil right now. Bottles carry the words, the price can be double the ordinary, and tasters praise …

• Exchange volume is not the harvest: what the 2023 record actually recorded

  10,597 tonnes registered in 2023, down to 3,227 the next season. Harvest collapse or a change of channel? The data cannot tell them apart.

  … oil prices come up, the sentence starts in the same place: the harvest fell, so the price rose. It fits intuition and it is often true. …

• The Olive Harvest: When and How

  Early harvest or late? The timing of picking directly determines the oil's acidity, polyphenols and yield.

  The date of the harvest is the most decisive choice of the year in a grove. Olives picked two weeks apart from the very same tree …

• How to Read an Olive Oil Label

  Grade, harvest year, acidity, origin and bottling place: which statements on a label are binding and which are just marketing — with a quick checklist.

  … More: [extra virgin, virgin, riviera explained](/en/extra-virgin-virgin-riviera-olive-oil-grades-explained). ## Harvest year: the most overlooked line Olive oil does not mature, it ages. Freshness directly determines quality. - Prefer …

• Where is quality lost in table olives?

  Variety choice, harvest technique, fermentation control, sterilisation and the pre-packing check are each a separate point of loss. The structural problem is scale and inspection.

  … timing and method both decide Harvest is far more delicate for table olives than for oil. Three things must hold together: - **Timing** — green, rose-streaked …

• Olive knot: galls, warts and a bacterium that enters through wounds

  The bacterial canker among olive tree diseases that enters through wounds: galls and warts. Pole harvest and pruning errors spread it.

  … a wound.** Which means most of this disease is decided by **how you harvest and how you prune**. ## Where the bacterium lives, how it spreads …

• What does a kilo of olives cost? The cost sheet of 152 Aegean farms

  Land rent is 37.70% of cost, harvest 16.90%. In table olives 73% of processing cost is rejected fruit; in oil, 94% is the fruit itself.

  … İzmir, Manisa and Muğla, with data collected during the 2015 harvest. The study is ten years old. But its **proportions** still hold, and it remains the …

• The Olive: Tree, History, Production and Future

  The botany, history and uses of the olive tree; current production figures worldwide and in Turkey, provinces, varieties and the sector's future — with tables.

  … year - **TurkStat (TÜİK)** — crop production statistics, 2024 season - **Turkish Exporters Assembly (TİM)** — olive and olive oil sector reports ⚠ Figures are seasonal …

• The Olive Sector in Turkey: Structure, Exports and Challenges

  Production, exports, business structure and price: the Turkish olive sector in figures, and where the chain breaks.

  … the product pass through? LinkWhoWhat they do 1. GrowerFarmer, grove ownerTending, pruning, harvest. Mostly small-scale; a family with a few hundred trees is common. 2. Collector …

• Geographical Indication Olives and Olive Oils of Turkey

  Türkiye's registered olive and olive oil geographical indications: which product, which locality, under what conditions — and what registration means.

  … its acidity is low, or that it was harvested early. Those are separate measures — see [grades](/en/extra-virgin-virgin-riviera-olive-oil-grades-explained) and [acidity](/en/what-does-acidity-mean-in-olive-oil). A registered oil will still spoil if …

• Olive and Olive Oil Glossary

  Oleuropein, lampante, pomace, malaxation, designation of origin… Short, verifiable definitions of olive and olive oil terms.

  … green to purple and then black; for many growers the ideal harvest window. Chill requirement The period of winter cool the olive needs in order to …

• Olive Oil Fraud and Adulteration: How It Is Done and How It Is Caught

  Seed oil blending, refined oil sold as extra virgin, soft deodorisation… The economics of fraud, the laboratory methods, and the home tests that do not work.

  … stock clearance or an old harvest. But it is the first question to ask. ## Types of fraud **Blending in seed oil.** Sunflower, soy, rapeseed or …

• Olives and Olive Oil: Frequently Asked Questions

  Does the fridge test work, what separates extra virgin from riviera, can you fry with olive oil? The 18 most common questions, answered briefly.

  … harvested two years ago may still show a date in the future. [More →](/en/how-to-read-an-olive-oil-label) ## What does it mean if the label says only 'olive oil'? …

• The Olive Calendar: The Olive Year Month by Month

  When to prune, when it flowers, which olives are picked when — the year of the tree and the grower, month by month.

  The olive year does not begin with the harvest; it ends with it. This calendar sets out the year of the tree and the grower month …

• Table Olives: Types, Curing and How to Choose

  From green to black, cracked to dry-cured: how table olives are made, chosen and kept.

  … 2024 season. ## Oil varieties versus table varieties Same tree, different varieties and harvest. What a table olive needs: - **Large fruit with a high flesh …

• Mission olive: United States's table and oil variety

  America's historic variety: carried by the Spanish missions, it built California's black table olive industry.

  … Oil harvestMid-December - February OriginLate 18th century, California — Spanish missions along El Camino Real California commercial cultivar measurements. Mission is the only American variety listed …

• Hojiblanca olive: Spain's oil and table variety

  Spain's third-largest variety and genuinely dual-purpose: it goes to black table olives and to oil alike.

  … specialisation is a modern, industrial choice. ## Harvest timing decides With Hojiblanca, which product the crop becomes is decided by **when it is picked**: at green …

• Coratina olive: Italy's oil variety

  Among the highest-polyphenol varieties in the world. Distinctly bitter and pungent — the oil that gives blends their backbone.

  … varieties generally give **moderate bitterness**. The closest are early-harvested [Memecik](/en/memecik-olive) and Ayvalık oils — early picking raises phenol levels. On the economics of that trade-off: [is …

• Kalamata olive: Greece's table variety

  The world's best-known table olive. Almond-shaped, purplish-black fruit, and a name that is a protected designation of origin.

  … toSalinity; relatively resistant to olive knot, Verticillium and olive fly Susceptible toLeaf spot (moderately), excessively hot climates Source: International Olive Council (IOC), World Catalogue of Olive …

• Koroneiki olive: Greece's oil variety

  The backbone of Greek olive oil. Very small fruit, very high polyphenol content, and one of the three super-high-density varieties.

  … unit weight**, hence denser phenolic content; and **suitability for mechanical harvest**. The second made Koroneiki one of the three super-high-density varieties (the others being Arbequina and …

• Arbequina olive: Spain's oil variety

  The mainstay of super-high-density planting. Small canopy, small fruit, early bearing — the variety that changed modern olive growing.

  … Super-high-density planting — 1,500 to 2,000 trees per hectare, harvested by machine — was not possible without it. ## Why is being small an advantage? In …

• Picual olive: Spain's oil variety

  The single largest share of world olive oil production. High oleic acid and polyphenols, a pungent and stable oil.

  … ProductivityHigh and constant — little alternate bearing Self-fertilityYes RipeningEarly Mechanical harvestSuitable — low detachment resistance Tolerant toCold, salinity Susceptible toDrought, chalky soil, leaf spot, Verticillium, olive …

• Kiraz olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  Akhisar's early table variety. Low in oil, but early maturity makes it the season's first olive to market.

  … a commercial advantage: the season's first olives meet the least competition. Earliness is also risk management — the harvest skips part of the olive fruit fly's …

• Uslu olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  Akhisar's black table variety. Overshadowed by Gemlik, yet holding its own market.

  … and harvest timing; we report the figures as published, with their source named. ## What the figures say **A flesh-to-pit ratio of 7.3** means roughly 88% …

• The Domat olive: the cultivar behind stuffed olives, in numbers

  Domat, Turkey's largest table cultivar: 7.96 g fruit, 89% flesh, a 552-hour chilling requirement. Why stuffed olives are always made from it, the disagreement over oil content, and why it is never planted alone.

  … mSpaced widely because of its broad canopy HarvestSept-NovGreen table fruit is hand-picked in September-October ## Why stuffed olives are always Domat The whole production chain for …

• Weeds in the olive grove: bare soil is not the goal

  Johnson grass, Bermuda grass and fat hen. With perennials, ill-timed tillage spreads them while mowing stops the seed. Clean under the canopy, covered between rows.

  … stage for **anthracnose** and peacock spot, they shelter pests, and they make harvest and machinery access harder. But **bare soil is not the right answer either**: …

• Nutrient deficiencies in olive: from symptom to element

  The same yellowing can mean nitrogen, magnesium, zinc or iron, and the wrong element makes it worse. Standard leaf analysis values, symptom-to-element matching and the boron schedule.

  … rule: **analysis first, fertiliser second.** ## How to sample Leaf and soil sampling TimingAfter harvest — November to January Leaves200 leaves per 20 decares (2 ha) …

• Olive anthracnose: the disease of the mummified fruit left on the branch

  Up to 50% crop loss in bad years. The source is last year's mummified fruit still on the branch, and the spray goes on before the autumn rains, not after.

  … you see shrivelled, leathery brown olives still hanging on the branch as harvest approaches, that is not the olive fruit fly — it is **anthracnose**. In …

• Climate change and the olive: the tree survives, but will it crop?

  The olive is drought-hardy but works in narrow bands. 85% of Türkiye's groves are unirrigated, 75% on mountainous land.

  … (Nov-Jan)5°C Mean annual temperature requirement: 15-20°C. With irrigation it tolerates up to 40°C. Damage begins below -7°C. Annual rainfall requirement: 600-800 mm. The critical point is …

• World olive varieties: from Picual to Kalamata

  About 1,200 cultivars exist; commercial weight sits in a few dozen. Picual, Arbequina, Koroneiki, Kalamata, Frantoio — compared with Türkiye.

  … grape harvesters. ⚠ Türkiye does not use the model. Trials were made but failed, and the reason was not the variety but the **system**: groves planted …

• The Memecik olive: Türkiye's oil variety

  Between 19% and 45% of the tree stock. 24-25% oil, 88% flesh. Green maturity in early October, two months after Gemlik.

  … fault but a choice: oil accumulation continues with ripening. Even so, [early harvest has its own case](/en/is-early-harvest-expensive-or-valuable) — a late harvest raises oil quantity while lowering …

• Olive growing in Marmara: the home of the table olive

  The table olive's home is not the Aegean but Marmara: 80% of the region's crop is Gemlik. The reason is climate.

  … we usually begin harvesting in November; depending on the year's weather it can run into December and January."* The method has changed: *"We used to spread …

• The Gemlik olive: small fruit, six times the flesh

  Turkey s only olive cultivar with a geographical indication: 3.7 g fruit, a 6.4 flesh-to-pit ratio, 29-30% oil. Self-fertility measurements, chilling requirement, and why it is still picked by hand.

  … fruit alone, but less HarvestNov-JanTraditionally picked one by one, by hand Geographical indicationyesGemlik · Orhangazi · İznik ## Why small fruit is an advantage here Gemlik's …

• The olive moth: three generations, three kinds of damage

  The olive pest with three generations: it winters in the leaf, eats the flowers, enters the fruit. One larva can take 30-40 buds.

  … JuneFruit — "peppercorn drop" and pre-harvest shedding ### Leaf generation — where it overwinters Moths from larvae that fed in the fruit lay their eggs from …

• Olive peacock spot: symptoms and a region-by-region spray calendar

  The commonest of olive tree diseases: concentric rings on the leaf, shedding, a shrubby tree. Yield falls 20-25%; spray timing varies by region.

  … flower clusters become distinct, before the flowers open Mediterranean1. After harvest2. Just before spring shoots appear3. After flower clusters become distinct, before the flowers open ⚠ …

• The olive fruit fly: sting thresholds, traps and a control calendar

  The olive pest that costs most: losses of 15-30% if left alone. Sting threshold 1% for table varieties, 3-4% for oil.

  … harvest does to oil quality](/en/is-early-harvest-expensive-or-valuable) is a separate question; here the point is to deny the fly its last generation. ## Monitoring and traps **Monitoring traps** …

• Are my olives spoiled? Mould, bulging lids and softening

  A white film on brine is not always mould. But a bulging lid is not debatable: discard it unopened. How kahm yeast differs from mould.

  … order: **1. How they were picked.** Table olives must be harvested **by hand and without mechanical damage**. Beating with poles bruises and marks the fruit; every …

• Olive oil trade in the Ottoman Empire: Britain the buyer, the crop the price

  25,627 tonnes exported in 1889 at 23.54 lira a tonne; 9,022 tonnes in 1882 at 42.89. The crop-price inverse held a century ago too.

• The nameless olives of southeast Anatolia: Mardin, Şırnak and the pollinator problem

  Kumçatı and Derik genotypes beat Ayvalık and Gemlik on flesh ratio. Yuvarlak halhalı sets only 0.43% of its flowers with its own pollen.

  … Korkmaz and Ak (2018) measured **self-fertility** in five cultivars in a grove planted in 1990 at the GAP Agricultural Research Institute's station in Koruklu. Self-fertility is …

• Twenty trees per decare, or 250? The density debate

  15-25 trees per decare in Türkiye, 200-300 in super-intensive systems. Payback falls from 15 years to 8 — but the densest is not the most profitable.

  … ## Four levels of density Planting density levels in olive groves ModelTrees per decareHarvestWhere it prevails Traditional10-25By hand, pole or shakerTürkiye, Greece, most of the Mediterranean …