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• The Gemlik olive: small fruit, six times the flesh

  Turkey s only olive cultivar with a geographical indication: 3.7 g fruit, a 6.4 flesh-to-pit ratio, 29-30% oil. Self-fertility measurements, chilling requirement, and why it is still picked by hand.

  In Turkey, the taste most people mean by "olive" is Gemlik. It is the dominant cultivar in the black brine olives of the breakfast table, and …

• The Çelebi olive: the green table cultivar of İznik

  Grown around İznik in Bursa, Çelebi is a green table cultivar. Its oil content is lower than Gemlik's — which is no drawback for a table olive.

• The Edincik Su olive: the third black-table cultivar

  One of the three cultivars widely processed as black table olives in Turkey, alongside Gemlik and Uslu. The cultivar of the Bandırma area.

• Samanlı olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  The local table variety around Lake İznik — Gemlik's neighbour, with a different fruit structure.

  … table variety of the area around Lake İznik — grown right next to Gemlik, in what counts as Türkiye's black table-olive heartland. ## Samanlı in numbers …

• Uslu olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  Akhisar's black table variety. Overshadowed by Gemlik, yet holding its own market.

  Uslu is the Aegean's name for the black table olive. What Gemlik is to Marmara, Uslu is around Akhisar — though it never gained the same …

• The Memecik olive: Türkiye's oil variety

  Between 19% and 45% of the tree stock. 24-25% oil, 88% flesh. Green maturity in early October, two months after Gemlik.

  … source, but it sits in the top three either way. If Gemlik is the variety of the table, **Memecik is the variety of the oil**. ## …

• Olive growing in Marmara: the home of the table olive

  The table olive's home is not the Aegean but Marmara: 80% of the region's crop is Gemlik. The reason is climate.

  … Marmara.** One figure shows the difference: **80% of Marmara's production is the Gemlik variety**, and Gemlik is a table olive. The Aegean's top two varieties (Memecik …

• The nameless olives of southeast Anatolia: Mardin, Şırnak and the pollinator problem

  Kumçatı and Derik genotypes beat Ayvalık and Gemlik on flesh ratio. Yuvarlak halhalı sets only 0.43% of its flowers with its own pollen.

  … Şırnak University, collected olives from five locations and compared them with Ayvalık and Gemlik: **Şırnak/Kumçatı, Şırnak/Kızılsu, Şırnak/Cizre, Mardin/Kızıltepe and Mardin/Derik.** Fruit characteristics: southeastern genotypes and standard …

• Table Olive Varieties

  From Gemlik to Kalamata, Manzanilla to Castelvetrano: the world's best-known table olives and what each is good for.

  … the texture holds up in brine. Some varieties serve both purposes. ## Turkey **Gemlik.** Turkey's best-known table olive. Small to medium, round, with a high flesh …

• Olive varieties: seventeen Turkish varieties in numbers

  Gemlik, Ayvalık, Memecik, Domat and the rest: Türkiye's olive varieties with oil content, fruit size, flesh ratio, region and ripening calendar.

  … Edremit (Ayvalık)25%——Oil + tableGulf of Edremit, Ayvalık, Burhaniye, Havran Gemlik29-30%——Table (black)Gemlik, İznik, Mudanya, Orhangazi, Erdek Domat22%——Table (green, stuffed)Akhisar, Manisa, Turgutlu, Saruhanlı Uslu21%28085%Table (black)Akhisar Kilis Yağlık31%56082%OilKilis, Gaziantep, …

• The Olive: Tree, History, Production and Future

  The botany, history and uses of the olive tree; current production figures worldwide and in Turkey, provinces, varieties and the sector's future — with tables.

  … remains a live controversy. Since an olive tree takes seven to ten years to reach economic yield, replacing a felled grove costs close to a human …

• The Olive Sector in Turkey: Structure, Exports and Challenges

  Production, exports, business structure and price: the Turkish olive sector in figures, and where the chain breaks.

  … the Marmara region; one of the main buyers on the Gemlik line. A cooperative does more than buy: it sets a **floor price**. The purchase price …

• Geographical Indication Olives and Olive Oils of Turkey

  Türkiye's registered olive and olive oil geographical indications: which product, which locality, under what conditions — and what registration means.

  … origin is the narrower, stricter commitment. ## Registered olive and olive oil indications ProductTypeReg. noRegisteredRegistrantArea Gemlik ZeytiniDesignation of origin7603.10.2005Gemlik Commodity ExchangeBursa · Gemlik Ayvalık ZeytinyağıDesignation of …

• Mission olive: United States's table and oil variety

  America's historic variety: carried by the Spanish missions, it built California's black table olive industry.

  … moderate, balanced oil. ## Compared with Türkiye Mission's story is the mirror image of [Gemlik](/en/gemlik-olive)'s: each established a region's black table olive identity. The difference is …

• Leccino olive: Italy's oil variety

  Frantoio's blending partner. A softer profile with notable cold and disease tolerance.

  … ripening, Leccino resembles [Gemlik](/en/gemlik-olive) — though Gemlik is mainly a table olive and Leccino mainly an oil variety. Its role as a blending partner parallels [Memeli](/en/memeli-olive) …

• Manzanilla olive: Spain's table variety

  The world's most widely planted green table variety and the international standard for stuffed olives. It is grown in Türkiye too.

  … shares **more than 60% similarity with Domat, Gemlik, Kilis Yağlık and Nizip Yağlık**. The "foreign" variety turns out to sit genetically close to Türkiye's main variety …

• Kalamata olive: Greece's table variety

  The world's best-known table olive. Almond-shaped, purplish-black fruit, and a name that is a protected designation of origin.

  … both rest on a natural brining tradition. The essential differences are **shape and size**. Gemlik is near-round and medium-large; Kalamata is elongated, almond-shaped and larger. There …

• Arbequina olive: Spain's oil variety

  The mainstay of super-high-density planting. Small canopy, small fruit, early bearing — the variety that changed modern olive growing.

  … **the same group as Gemlik** and below [Memecik](/en/memecik-olive). It can therefore grow along Türkiye's temperate coastal belt. Super-high-density planting is being tried in Türkiye too; on …

• Marmarabirlik purchase prices: what the grower actually receives in Marmara

  The 2025/2026 season: 160 ₺ for calibre 18, 55 ₺ for calibre 41, 53 ₺ for oil fruit. Size alone changes the price 2.9×, and the union buys down to calibre 41 where the market stops at 28.

  … of it Gemlik. ## Buying down to calibre 41 One detail in the chairman's statement shows the cooperative's role in the market: **while the open market …

• Sarı Ulak olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  The eastern Mediterranean's table variety. The lowest flesh ratio on the list (72%) — a large stone, yet it holds its ground.

  … figure sits between 11% and 19%. Sarı Ulak's stone weighs twice Gemlik's (0.53 g). ## So why is it still grown? Because flesh ratio is not …

• Memeli olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  The highest flesh ratio on the list at 89%. Low in oil, but with one of the smallest stones.

  … known as **a good pollinator for Memecik**, which is likewise pollinated by Ayvalık, Çakır, Gemlik and Erkence. For the Aegean's dominant variety, see [Memecik olive](/en/memecik-olive).

• Nizip Yağlık olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  The southeast's main oil variety and one of the rare self-fertile cultivars on the list — it crops even without a pollinator.

  … Nizip YağlıkSelf-fertile Delice (wild olive)Self-fertile DomatPartially self-fertile GemlikPartially self-fertile Yuvarlak HalhalıSelf-sterile Nizip Yağlık's self-fertility means a **single-variety block** is viable in the southeast. Not having to …

• Kilis Yağlık olive: characteristics, oil content and growing areas

  One of Türkiye's highest oil-yielding varieties at 31%. Small-fruited and purely for oil — 560 fruits per kilo.

  … For comparison: Top of the oil-content list VarietyOil contentFruits per kg Kilis Yağlık31%560 Kalem Bezi31%450 Gemlik29–30%— Saurani29%340 Nizip Yağlık27%455 At **560 fruits per kilo** it has …

• The Domat olive: the cultivar behind stuffed olives, in numbers

  Domat, Turkey's largest table cultivar: 7.96 g fruit, 89% flesh, a 552-hour chilling requirement. Why stuffed olives are always made from it, the disagreement over oil content, and why it is never planted alone.

  … geographical indication. For comparison: [Gemlik](/en/gemlik-olive) runs 4-5 grams and goes to black brine. The two sit on the same shelf but do different jobs. ## The …

• The energy burned at the field edge: olive pruning residue

  One olive tree yields 33.6 kg of prunings a year. Across 177.8 million trees that is 6 million tonnes of residue and 54.11 PJ of energy — equivalent to 1.57 billion m³ of natural gas.

  … universities weighed pruning residue from **45 trees** across three varieties (Ayvalık, Gemlik, Domat) and three age groups in South Marmara, putting a number on the question. …

• World olive varieties: from Picual to Kalamata

  About 1,200 cultivars exist; commercial weight sits in a few dozen. Picual, Arbequina, Koroneiki, Kalamata, Frantoio — compared with Türkiye.

  … country has 100 registered varieties** (two hybrids, one clone), yet **outside Gemlik, Ayvalık, Memecik and Domat, production volumes are very limited**. The olive world rests on …

• Chilling requirement in olives: which variety grows where?

  The olive must spend time below 7.2°C in winter. Adana Topağı needs 346 hours, Domat 552. Unmet, some years bring no crop.

  … 2016-2017 season: Chilling requirements of olive varieties VarietyChill unitsHours Adana Topağı234346 Çilli247369 Mavi260394 Gemlik272410 Arbequina IRTA-18289459 Ayvalık308509 Memecik316520 Manzanilla319520 Karamürsel Su319526 Domat333552 Source: Gündeşli and Küden …

• The Ayvalık (Edremit) olive: one variety, two names

  19-20.66% of the tree stock, second after Memecik. 25% oil. Green maturity only between 15 and 30 October; black maturity after 15 November, among the latest.

  … has spread beyond its home region too: in the **eastern Mediterranean** it is grown alongside Sarı Ulak, Büyük Topak Ulak, Halhalı and Gemlik. There is also …

• The olive fruit fly: sting thresholds, traps and a control calendar

  The olive pest that costs most: losses of 15-30% if left alone. Sting threshold 1% for table varieties, 3-4% for oil.

  … ## What the damage is The larva feeds by tunnelling galleries around the stone. The results: - Fruit **rots and drops** - **Oil yield falls** - …

• Twenty trees per decare, or 250? The density debate

  15-25 trees per decare in Türkiye, 200-300 in super-intensive systems. Payback falls from 15 years to 8 — but the densest is not the most profitable.

  … been bred for it. Every country runs breeding programmes to find which of its own varieties suit the system; that is long work. ## What about …

• The economics of caliber: how fruit size triples the price

  160 TL at caliber 18, 55 TL at caliber 41. Fruit size is price — and the cooperative pays 16% above the exchange average.

  … the southeast; their pricing policies may differ. **A thin exchange sample.** Oil olive registrations come only from Edremit, and the season holds 17 transactions. The series …

• Independence and support policy

  The independence policy of zeytin.net: how advertising, sponsorship and support are handled, and where the limits are.

  … price history](/en/sector/marmara-price-history) was produced by parsing forty monthly bulletins of the Gemlik Commodity Exchange one by one. If you cannot support, there are other ways to …

• The same olive, six times the price: the quiet advantage of table olives

  How much more does the same fruit fetch as a table olive than for oil? Measured over seven years of exchange data: 1.43 to 3.46 times.

  … an oil variety, the choice is not available to you. **There is harvesting.** Table olives are picked by hand, fruit by fruit, without bruising. Oil olives …

• Fourth in the world with 25 registrations — but what are they doing?

  Türkiye is fourth in the world with 25 olive oil GIs. Yet exports fetch $3.17/kg — the product is still priced as a commodity.

  … Food Systems, 2025. The counts cover olive oil GIs; table olive registrations (such as Gemlik Olives) are not included. Türkiye holds roughly **one seventh** of the …

• Two thirds of our exports are table olives: the $260 million picture

  In 2025-26, 66% of exports were table olives and 27% oil. Average unit value $3.17/kg — the added value sits inside the packaging.

  … olive is not a like-for-like substitute for a Spanish Manzanilla. Bulk extra virgin olive oil has no such differentiation — chemically the same product, one price. …

• Where do olives grow in Türkiye, and where don't they?

  What limits the olive is frost, not a provincial border. Where it grows in Türkiye, with cold thresholds and altitude limits.

  … used for AegeanAydın, İzmir, Muğla, Manisa, Balıkesir (Gulf of Edremit)Mostly oil MarmaraBursa (Gemlik), Çanakkale, BalıkesirMostly table MediterraneanAntalya, Mersin, Hatay, Adana, KahramanmaraşMixed SoutheastGaziantep, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, MardinOil and …

• How many olives should you eat a day? Portions, salt and common questions

  Calories, fat and salt in olives: what is a sensible daily amount? Based on nutrition data, without unauthorised health claims.

  … best-known black table olive. Fleshy, small-stoned, thin-skinned. This is the breakfast olive. Grown in the Marmara region; it carries a geographical indication. - **Domat** — large, …

• How Are Olives Cured?

  An olive straight from the tree is inedible — it is bitter. In water, in salt, in lye or scored: the methods that remove the bitterness, and how long each takes.

  … wrinkled, intensely flavoured olive with pronounced salt — the *sele* olives of the Gemlik region are made this way. ## Lye and ash methods In industrial …

• The History of the Olive in Anatolia

  Where did the olive come from, and when was it first cultivated in Anatolia? From the stone workshop at Klazomenai to today's Aegean groves.

  … Mediterranean, and the Kilis-Gaziantep line in the south-east. Local varieties such as Ayvalık, Memecik, Gemlik, Domat and Nizip Yağlık are types that diverged over centuries according …

• How to Tell Good Olive Oil

  Bitterness is a mark of quality, not a defect. Colour tells you nothing. The three attributes tasting panels look for, and a simple test at home.

  … (Edremit):** balanced, notes of almond and green apple, medium bitterness. The Aegean classic. - **Memecik:** the Muğla-Aydın belt. More pronounced bitterness and pungency, grassy character. - …